7-Eleven Japan Business Domain

| | | Assessing Business- IT Alignment| Rosa Kemper Cohort 27 Dr. K. Cousins February 17, 2013 Table of Contents I – Executive Summary/Overview Baptist Hospital a) Mission Statement b) Vision statement II. Information Technology: a) Mission Statement b) Vision Statement III. The Business As-Is: Business Scope and Value Discipline IV. Information Technology AS-IS: IT Infrastructure and Scope of Business V. Assessing Business Strategic Alignment and Maturity: IT To-Be Business To-be VI. Evaluation of Strategic Alignment Maturity Assessment: Luftman’s SAM Survey Part I: Effectiveness of IT and Business communications (Score 2. 8) Part II: Measurement of the competency and value of IT Score (Score 2. 93) Part III: The governance Partnerships between IT and Business Functions (Score 2. 41) Part IV: Partnerships between IT and Business functions (Score 2. 31) Part V: Scope and Architecture of the IT Infrastructure (Score 2. 67) Part VI. Human resource skills (2. 56) VII. Reco mmendation to address gaps in the alignment VIII. Strategic Alignment Enablers IX. Strategic Alignment Inhibitors I – Executive Summary/Overview: Baptist Health South Florida, Inc. a not-for-profit health care organization, operates medical plazas, surgical facilities, and hospitals. It offers addiction treatment, behavioral medicine, blood conservation program, cancer, cardiovascular, care and counseling, children's health, community wellness, critical care center, diabetes, emergency, endoscopy, executive health, gamma knife center, heart surgery, home care, hyperbaric, imaging, intensive care unit, international, interventional/surgical, laboratory, neonatal, neuroscience, and nutrition counseling services.The company also provides occupational health, orthopedics, outpatient/diagnostic, pain center, pastoral care, pediatric, pel†¦ Baptist Health South Florida (BHSF) is the largest faith-based, not-for-profit health care organization in the area. It has an exceptional reputation for medical and service excellence. Baptist Health South Florida, Inc. was formerly known as Baptist Health Systems of South Florida, Inc. and changed its name to Baptist Health South Florida, Inc. in March 2002. The company was founded in 1990 and is headquartered in Coral Gables, Florida.It has a network of seven hospitals, Baptist, Baptist Children's, South Miami, Homestead, Mariners and Doctors Hospitals, and Baptist Cardiac & Vascular Institute, with services extending throughout Miami-Dade and Monroe Counties. There are a total of 28 Baptist Outpatient Services Facilities and Medical Plazas which provide outpatient diagnostic, surgical, home health and urgent care services. Specialty areas are: Cancer, Cardiovascular, Children's Health, Diabetes, Gamma Knife, Diagnostic, Childbirth, Rehabilitation, Senior Services, Women's Health, and Urgent Care. Baptist Health serves more than 100,000 people each year.Approximately 2,000 physicians and nearly 12,000 employees adh ere to the organization’s mission to provide high-quality, cost-effective, compassionate healthcare services to all, including, as permitted by its resources, charity care to those in need. In 2007, Baptist Health provided an estimated $124 million in charity care. The Baptist Healthcare International Center of Miami is one of the largest hospital-based international programs in America. Thousands of people each year travel to Miami from around the world to visit their medical facilities and respected physicians. The pineapple logo is an age-old symbol of hospitality and warmth.It is reflected in their customer and patient-oriented focus. Baptist Health was created in 1990, but its tradition of medical excellence goes back decades. Baptist Hospital Baptist Hospital is a 680-bed facility located in the Kendall area of south Miami-Dade County. It was founded in 1960. Today, the hospital is a major medical center, attracting patients from all over the U. S. , the Caribbean, Lati n America and beyond. More than 32,000 people are hospitalized at Baptist each year; about 78,000 receive emergency care in our 24-hour Emergency Center and Children's Emergency Center. Mission Statement The mission of Baptist Health is to improve the health and well-being of individuals, and to promote the sanctity and preservation of life, in the communities we serve. Baptist Health is a faith-based organization guided by the spirit of Jesus Christ and the Judeo-Christian ethic. We are committed to maintaining the highest standards of clinical and service excellence, rooted in the utmost integrity and moral practice. Consistent with its spiritual foundation, Baptist Health is dedicated to providing high-quality, cost-effective, compassionate healthcare services to all, regardless of eligion, creed, race or national origin, including, as permitted by its resources, charity care to those in need†. Vision statement â€Å"Baptist Health will be the preeminent healthcare provide r in the communities we serve, the organization that people instinctively turn to for their healthcare needs. Baptist Health will offer a broad range of clinical services that are evidence-based and compassionately provided to ensure patient safety, superior clinical outcomes and the highest levels of satisfaction with a patient- and family-centered focus. Baptist Health will be a national and international leader in healthcare innovation†. II.Information Technology: Mission Statement â€Å"To support the BHSF vision by providing the highest quality technology solutions to our customers in an efficient and cost effective manner†. Vision Statement â€Å"Fully leverage our technology capabilities to provide meaningful information anywhere, anytime to our physicians, clinicians, patients, and employees in a secured and user friendly manner. In order to meet this goal, we will continue to implement advanced technologies such as wireless networking, multi-media telecommunic ations, digitized imaging, and web-based clinical and business applications throughout BHSF†. III. The Business As-Is:Business Scope and Value Discipline The organization has created a new delivery of care model built on a value-based strategy. The employment of advanced technology strategies with state of the art web based applications, complex data security platforms and data monitoring offers a wide variety of technology resources made available to the participants in the delivery of care. The highly efficient and widely accessible web and smartphone application for consumer speaks of the Value Discipline and Product Innovation aimed at benchmarking and incentivizing customer satisfaction, care coordination, and total care management.Moreover, the emphasis on technology leadership positions the business as a frontrunner in the marketplace thus cultivating a distinguishable loyal culture among its customers as a niche. Customer satisfaction is primarily what gives the compan y its competitive edge. The overall goals are to improve individual patient care, improve overall performance, minimize risks and decrease medical costs. The matrix style management ensures that interdisciplinary membership actively reflects on decisions affecting the overall organization.Innovation is a constant on all aspects of the organization’s dynamic strategy creating an agile and successful business. Whether in technology being applied, products and services, etc†¦ strong partnerships are created with other organizations in order to distinguish itself in the hyper competitive market. As an example recently BHSF has announced a newly formed Accountable Care Organization (ACO) alliance with BCBS to meet the needs of cancer patients in response to the changing environment and the â€Å"age† of the Affordable Care initiative. (1) IV. Information Technology AS-IS:IT Infrastructure and Scope of Business Scope of Business – â€Å"The Information Technolog y Department provides computer support and implementation services for all BHSF entities including the BHSF Medical Staff. Computer support and implementation services include the appropriate levels of hardware, application, network, telecommunications, operating system, media and telemedicine support required to maintain operations†. The goals and duties of the department are to contribute towards creating an efficient information exchange that can help in improving health outcomes and lowering delivery costs.To identify educational needs with regard to training existing workforce and future workforce in the information technology healthcare environment. Compliance efforts pushed the department towards the a) centralization of management, b) auditing and c) reporting tools. V. Assessing Business Strategic Alignment and Maturity: IT To-Be Baptist Health prides itself on its health care competences and outstanding reputation. The IT department effectively participates in functi onal level in the decision process and overall structure of the business and project requirements.The IT infrastructure is well integrated throughout the organization and effort and cooperation between the business and IT exists in moderate alignment. This partnership helps maximize the goals of the organization. Emphasis on bringing their own internal IT operations up to speed and using their internal personnel resources is part of the organization’s priorities. To validate this observation some examples may shed some light into concerns of processes management, efficiency and standardization that presented potential catastrophe for the business but were appropriately and positively addressed.The IT system had become outdated and cumbersome. The business and IT collaboratively reached out to an outside consultant to streamline its IT process and improve the perceived value to the business. There were many options on how and where to enter time, so time was often omitted. The re was no centralized data warehouse. Project database inaccuracies were updated irregularly. There was no reporting tool for IT resource expenditures, which made establishing the value-add of technology difficult. Finding details on current projects- because there was no consistent reporting process in place- was challenging for managers.Managing work demand and outcomes was nearly impossible. â€Å"The project database gave the level of detail needed for improved project management but the centralized time tracking database has improved efficiencies for resource management as well. Using Planview Enterprise, we have better management, prioritization, and review of project requests. This improved business efficiency assures accurate and timely service delivery to our customers. †(2) Baptist Health also evaluated many resources and criteria to implement the Oracle Identity Analytics (OIA) as the solution to maintain its roles and place the foundation for automated role govern ance.BHSF employed Simeo Solutions as a â€Å"trusted† advisor to build the strategy to seamlessly transition the roles into an electronic repository and also build the roadmap for role attestations and role lifecycle management†. (3) The IT department has a high degree of participation in aligning itself with the business structure and on the hands-on implementation of projects that support the organization’s strategy and strategic plans. The have value and the respect they need to maintain the organizational support. However, decision making process on the organizational level rests on the board of directors and upper level business management.Business To-be Business processes and workflows are generally communicated based on expectations about technology, people and organizational goals that can become obsolete over time. Companies finally must reengineer their processes. Key to the company’s success is analyzing and implementing sustainable processes. Baptist Health has a well-thought-out approach to solution strategy by utilizing top leaders in the industry as consultants in the areas of: a) operational efficiency, b) regulatory compliance, c) user productivity and e) business agility.The internal IT infrastructure serves fundamentally in an educational and supportive role as well as the launching platform to implementation of the developing framework. The maturity of the alignment appears to be an established and focused process. VI. Evaluation of Strategic Alignment Maturity Assessment: Luftman’s SAM Survey The purpose of this case study is to demonstrate the level of alignment that exists between IT and the business within this organization and to point out what, why and how strategic deficiencies pertaining to the alignment or lack thereof were resolved.As a tool, the Luftman’s Strategic Alignment Model (SAM) Survey (4) was administered to two IT and two business Mid-Management level executives at Baptist Hospi tal, one of the largest facilities in the BHSF system. The results validate the intra-organizational limitations that may exist in the relationship between the business and the IT department but portray a dynamic institution striving to align itself while creating a competitive advantage and differentiating itself as a leader in the healthcare market. The organization’s strategic alignment is measured by focusing on six aspects of the organization.These six aspects are what provide the different criteria for determining the maturity of an organization’s alignment. The six categories are: 1. Effectiveness of Communications 2. Measurement of Competency and Value of IT 3. IT Governance 4. Partnerships Between Business and IT Functions 5. IT Infrastructure Scope and Architecture 6. IT Infrastructure Scope and Architecture Part I: Effectiveness of IT and Business Communications (Score 2. 88) Senior and Mid-level It mangers work together to seek and promote innovation and cu tting edge products in the changing healthcare environment.Communication exists in the form of weekly formal meetings that address emerging processes and projects. Unit business and IT managers are encouraged to promote IT integration in the business process and senior level business managers have a good understanding of the value that IT brings to BHSF. They work in tandem to continue improvement of the internal IT infrastructure by bringing in external sources as advisors, continuous training for management level as well as workforce level members.The phone-mail and the intranet are integrated into the daily operations and used as the main form for communication and Intranet is also applied for educational purposes. There is structured sharing of information at the unit level that is in turn shared with upper level management at formal board meetings. Part II: Measurement of the Competency and Value of IT Score (Score 2. 93) Both business and IT use formal traditional technical an d cost efficiency measures to determine the return on investment (ROI) and activity-based costing (ABC) per survey data.As described earlier the continuous innovation in technology that is implemented across the organization, be it in the delivery of care, documentation applications, medical procedures, management tools and entire IT infrastructure that makes up the fabric of the organization in itself, serve as a guide of how BHSF distinguishes itself in the regional industry. Competencies are measured by metrics. Feedback is obtained in the form of surveys administered to clients and used point out areas for potential improvement and overall customer satisfaction.Part III: The Governance Partnerships between IT and Business Functions (Score 2. 41) Strategic planning is done at the functional unit level with some business involvement. Because of the support and collaboration that IT provides for the organization, there is an understood interdependency. The governance of the IT depa rtment is mostly centralized and it controls its own infrastructure. Planning occurs in the functional unit level and in some degree intra-organizationally – as demonstrated in the examples mentioned above where the IT department played a key role in restructuring the then-deficient and outdated process.Part IV: Partnerships Between IT and Business Functions (Score 2. 31) Because the partnership that exists between the IT and the business, better management, prioritization, and review of project requests is achieved across the company. This improved business efficiency assures accurate and timely service delivery to customers. Project Performance that IT delivers is a key resource in providing services and sound business outcomes and assists in measuring the performance of the company. Part V: Scope and Architecture of the IT Infrastructure (Score 2. 7) The IT department function is mostly Federated in that the corporate IT Unit administers the responsibility of the architect ure, the administrative systems and standardized decisions but authority for resources applications lies with each functional unit. IT is budgeted as a cost center and financial decisions regarding IT are done at a functional organizational level. The productivity and effectiveness that the IT department brings to the organization is viewed as a strategy enabler and is subject to traditional financial reviews.The IT steering committee meets as needed but also formally to recap the effectives of project implementation and metrics. Part VI. Human resource skills (2. 56) By using one centralized project data base the BHSF IT organization is able to manage its employee payroll systems and administrative functions in a seamless manner. Career cross-over, education and entrepreneurial innovation is strongly encouraged in the organization. The in-depth knowledge of these individuals assists with the alignment of the functional units and the overall business and helps decipher the needs of the enterprise.Trust and confidence among business and IT is an enabler for the corporation. It fosters a positive social and political, productive and efficient work environment that promotes employee participation and loyalty. It is perhaps the vital element that makes BHSF a successful corporation. VII. Recommendation to address gaps in the alignment The web-based platform is compatible with all other current IT systems and will improve the efficiency and accuracy of reporting throughout the company. Some of the ways that this technology will achieve its desired results are:Plan | Goals/Objectives| Outcomes| Management Planfor Information Management| Improve record keeping and information | IT Project will allow for real-time information and data entry, increased information accuracy, and a consolidated source for all payroll and administrative data| Consulting for Information Management| Utilize new technology to support company and department missions more effectively| New tech nology will allow many payroll and administrative functions to be automated reducing the levels of staff required to manage these systems|Continuous collaborative efforts from the IT department and the employment of consulting firms to advise and formulate a more centralized administrative platform will enabled BHSF to manage its employee payroll systems and administrative functions in a consolidated efficient manner. Another enabler is the technology implemented that has already proven to reduce overhead costs associated with the large workforce currently required to manage tasks, training, reporting, and various other administrative tasks.In the long run the company will also benefit from more timely and accurate financial reporting as a result of managers’ ability to enter and continuously update their financial metrics. The cost is justified by the benefit. Sharing of risks and rewards in projects will improve the business and help move the company forward to the next lev el of maturity. VIII. Strategic Alignment Enablers: * Senior executives support IT and use outside resources to augment performance. * IT involved in strategy development to moderate extent. There is Business- It partnership with a common goal to benefit the corporation IX. Strategic Alignment Inhibitors * There is a close relationship between IT and Business. * IT understands the business better than the business understands IT. * Projects are prioritized however change is moderately slow. Management is working on Changing this culture. Bibliography: 1) http://hcafnews. com/tag/Baptist-health-south-florida/ Florida Blue, Baptist Health and Physicians Group to Set Up Accountable Care Organization in Miami. 2) http://search. aol. com/aol/search? s_it=topsearchbox. earch&v_t=comsearch51-txtlnkusaolp00000051&q=case+study+baptist+healthcare+south+florida+planview – Project management Gets a Shot in the Arm at Baptist Health – Business Technology Consultant and Planview Ent erprise Administrator Baptist Health South Florida Diane Novas. 3) http:// www. simeiosolutions. com/Baptist-health-south-florida/ – Baptist Health South Florida Implements Oracle Identity Analysis for Role Lifecycle Management 4) Assessing Business-IT Alignment Maturity. Volume 4, Article 14, Dec 2000. Jerry Luftman, School of Management, Stevens Institure of Technology.

Why Is Water Pollution An Important Issue Environmental Sciences Essay

A A A A Comprising over 70 % of the Earths surface, H2O is doubtless the most cherished natural resource that exists on our planet.A Without the apparently priceless compound comprised of H and O, life on Earth would be non-existent: it is indispensable for everything on our planet to turn and prosper.A Although we as worlds recognize this fact, we disregard it by fouling our rivers, lakes, and oceans. Subsequently, we are easy but certainly harming our planet to the point where being are deceasing at a really alarming rate.A In add-on to guiltless beings deceasing off, our imbibing H2O has become greatly affected as is our ability to utilize H2O for recreational purposes.A In order to battle H2O pollution, we must understand the jobs and go portion of the solution. POINT AND NONPOINT SOURCESAA A A Harmonizing to the American College Dictionary, pollution is defined as: A to do foul or dirty ; dirty.A Water pollution occurs when a organic structure of H2O is adversely affected due to the add-on of big sums of stuffs to the water.A When it is unfit for its intended usage, H2O is considered polluted.A Two types of H2O pollutants exist ; point beginning and nonpoint source.A Point beginnings of pollution occur when harmful substances are emitted straight into a organic structure of water.A The Exxon Valdez oil spill best illustrates a point beginning H2O pollution.A A nonpoint beginning delivers pollutants indirectly through environmental changes.A An illustration of this type of H2O pollution is when fertiliser from a field is carried into a watercourse by rain, in the signifier of run-off which in bend effects aquatic life.A The engineering exists for point beginnings of pollution to be monitored and regulated, although political factors may perplex affairs. Nonpoint beginnings are much more hard to control.A Pollution originating from nonpoint beginnings histories for a bulk of the contaminations in watercourses and lakes.AACAUSES OF POLLUTIONAAA A A A Many causes of pollution including sewerage and fertilisers contain foods such as nitrates and phosphates.A In extra degrees, foods over stimulate the growing of aquatic workss and algae.A Excessive growing of these types of beings accordingly clogs our waterways, use up dissolved O as they decompose, and block visible radiation to deeper Waterss. This, in bend, proves really harmful to aquatic beings as it affects the respiration ability or fish and other invertebrates that reside in H2O. A A A A Pollution is besides caused when silt and other suspended solids, such as dirt, washoff plowed Fieldss, building and logging sites, urban countries, and eroded river Bankss when it rains.A Under natural conditions, lakes, rivers, and other H2O organic structures undergo Eutrophication, an aging procedure that easy fills in the H2O organic structure with sediment and organic matter.A When these deposits enter assorted organic structures of H2O, fish respirationbecomes impaired, works productiveness and H2O deepness become reduced, and aquatic beings and their environments go suffocated.A Pollution in the signifier of organic stuff enters waterways in many different signifiers as sewerage, as foliages and grass cuttings, or as overflow from farm animal feedlots and pastures.A When natural bacteriums and protozoon in the H2O interrupt down this organic stuff, they begin to utilize up the O dissolved in the water.A Many types of fish and bottom-dwelling animate beings can non last when degrees of dissolved O bead below two to five parts per million.A When this occurs, it kills aquatic beings in big Numberss which leads to breaks in the nutrient concatenation. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.umich.edu/ % 7Egs265/society/image6N8.JPG Polluted River in the United Kingdom The pollution of rivers and watercourses with chemical contaminations has become one of the most crutial environmental jobs within the twentieth century. Waterborne chemical pollution come ining rivers and watercourses cause tramendous sums of devastation.AAAA A A A Pathogens are another type of pollution that turn out really harmful.A They can do many unwellnesss that range from enteric fever and dysentery to minor respiratory and tegument diseases.A Pathogens include such beings as bacteriums, viruses, and protozoan.A These pollutants enter waterways through untreated sewerage, storm drains, infected armored combat vehicles, overflow from farms, and peculiarly boats that shit sewage.A Though microscopic, these pollutants have a enormous consequence evidenced by their ability to do illness. A hypertext transfer protocol: //www.umich.edu/ % 7Egs265/society/pic5.gif ADDITIONAL FORMS OF WATER POLLUTIONAA A A A Three last signifiers of H2O pollution exist in the signifiers of crude oil, radioactive substances, and heat.A Petroleum frequently pollutes waterbodies in the signifier of oil, ensuing from oil spills.A The antecedently mentioned Exxon Valdez is an illustration of this type of H2O pollution.A These large-scale accidental discharges of crude oil are an of import cause of pollution along shore lines.A Besides the supertankers, off-shore boring operations contribute a big portion of pollution.A One estimation is that one ton of oil is spilled for every million dozenss of oil transported.A This is equal to about 0.0001 per centum. Radioactive substances are produced in the signifier of waste from atomic power workss, and from the industrial, medical, and scientific usage of radioactive materials.A Specific signifiers of waste are uranium and Th excavation and refining.A The last signifier of H2O pollution is heat.A Heat is a pollutant because increased temperatures result in the deceases of many aquatic organisms.A These lessenings in temperatures are caused when a discharge of chilling H2O by mills and power workss occurs. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.umich.edu/ % 7Egs265/society/image5BI.JPGDemonstrators Protest Drilling Oil pollution is a turning job, peculiarly devestating to coastal wildlife.A Small measures of oil spread quickly across long distances to organize deathly oil slipperinesss. In this image, demonstrators with â€Å" oil-covered † plastic animate beings protest a possible boring undertaking in Key Largo, Florida. Whether or non inadvertent spills occur during the undertaking, its impact on the delicate Marine ecosystem of the coral reefs could be lay waste toing.Ahypertext transfer protocol: //www.umich.edu/ % 7Egs265/society/imageKUS.JPGOil Spill Clean-up Workers use particular cyberspaces to clean up a California beach after an oil oiler spill. Tanker spills are an increasing environmental job because one time oil has spilled, it is virtually impossible to wholly take or incorporate it. Even little sums spread quickly across big countries of H2O. Because oil and H2O do non blend, the oil floats on the H2O and so washes up on wide sweeps of shoreline. Attempts to chemically handle or drop the oil may farther interrupt Marine and beach ecosystems. Types of H2O pollution Water pollution can come from a figure of different beginnings. If the pollution comes from a individual beginning, such as an oil spill, it is called point-source pollution. If the pollution comes from many beginnings, it is called nonpoint-source pollution. Most types of pollution affect the immediate country environing the beginning. Sometimes the pollution may impact the environment 100s of stat mis off from the beginning, such as atomic waste, this is called transboundary pollution. Surface Waterss are the natural H2O resources of the Earth. They are found on the outside of the Earth ‘s crust and include: Oceans Rivers Lakes These Waterss can go polluted in a figure of ways, and this is called surface H2O pollution. Microbiological H2O pollution is normally a natural signifier of H2O pollution caused by micro-organisms. Many types of micro-organisms live in H2O and cause fish, land animate beings and worlds to go ill. Microorganisms such as: Bacterias Viruss Protozoa Serious diseases such as cholera come from micro-organisms that live in H2O. These diseases normally affect the wellness of people in poorer states, as they do non hold the installations to handle contaminated H2O. Foods are indispensable for works growing and development. Many foods are found in effluent and fertilizers, and these can do extra weed and algae growing if big concentrations end up in H2O. This can pollute imbibing H2O and geta filters. This can be damaging to other aquatic beings as the algae usage up the O in the H2O, go forthing none for the surrounding marine life. Some pollutants do non fade out in H2O as their molecules are excessively large to blend between the H2O molecules. This stuff is called particulate affair and can frequently be a cause of H2O pollution. The suspended atoms finally settle and do a thick silt at the underside. This is harmful to marine life that lives on the floor of rivers or lakes. Biodegradable substances are frequently suspended in H2O and can do jobs by increasing the sum of anaerobiotic microorganisms nowadays. Toxic chemicals suspended in H2O can be harmful to the development and endurance of aquatic life. Causes Domestic families, industrial and agricultural patterns produce effluent that can do pollution of many lakes and rivers. Sewage is the term used for effluent that frequently contains fecal matters, urine and laundry waste. There are one million millions of people on Earth, so treating sewerage is a large precedence. Sewage disposal is a major job in developing states as many people in these countries do n't hold entree to healthful conditions and clean H2O. Untreated sewerage H2O in such countries can pollute the environment and cause diseases such as diarrhea. Sewage in developed states is carried off from the place rapidly and hygienically through sewerage pipes. Sewage is treated in H2O intervention workss and the waste is frequently disposed into the sea. Sewage is chiefly biodegradable and most of it is broken down in the environment. In developed states, sewerage frequently causes jobs when people flush chemical and pharmaceutical substances down the lavatory. When people are sick, sewerage frequently carries harmful viruses and bacteriums into the environment doing wellness jobs Industry is a immense beginning of H2O pollution, it produces pollutants that are highly harmful to people and the environment. Many industrial installations use fresh water to transport away waste from the works and into rivers, lakes and oceans. Pollutants from industrial beginnings include: Asbestos – This pollutant is a serious wellness jeopardy and carcinogenic. Asbestos fibres can be inhaled and do unwellnesss such as asbestosis, mesothelioma, lung malignant neoplastic disease, enteric malignant neoplastic disease and liver malignant neoplastic disease. Lead – This is a metallic component and can do wellness and environmental jobs. It is a non-biodegradable substance so is difficult to clean up one time the environment is contaminated. Lead is harmful to the wellness of many animate beings, including worlds, as it can suppress the action of bodily enzymes. Mercury – This is a metallic component and can do wellness and environmental jobs. It is a non-biodegradable substance so is difficult to clean up one time the environment is contaminated. Mercury is besides harmful to animal wellness as it can do unwellness through quicksilver toxic condition. Nitrates – The increased usage of fertilizers agencies that nitrates are more frequently being washed from the dirt and into rivers and lakes. This can do eutrophication, which can be really debatable to marine environments. Phosphates – The increased usage of fertilizers agencies that phosphates are more frequently being washed from the dirt and into rivers and lakes. This can do eutrophication, which can be really debatable to marine environments. Sulphur – This is a non-metallic substance that is harmful for marine life. Oils – Oil does non fade out in H2O, alternatively it forms a thick bed on the H2O surface. This can halt Marine workss having adequate visible radiation for photosynthesis. It is besides harmful for fish and marine birds. Petrochemicals – This is formed from gas or gasoline and can be toxic to marine life. Oceans are polluted by oil on a day-to-day footing from oil spills, everyday transportation, run-offs and dumping. Oil spills make up approximately 12 % of the oil that enters the ocean. The remainder semen from transporting travel, drains and dumping. An oil spill from a oiler is a terrible job because there is such a immense measure of oil being spilt into one topographic point. Oil spills cause a really localized job but can be ruinous to local marine wildlife such as fish, birds and sea otters. Oil can non fade out in H2O and forms a thick sludge in the H2O. This suffocates fish, gets caught in the plumes of Marine birds halting them from winging and blocks visible radiation from photosynthetic aquatic workss. Nuclear waste is produced from industrial, medical and scientific procedures that use radioactive stuff. Nuclear waste can hold damaging effects on Marine home grounds. Nuclear waste comes from a figure of beginnings: Operationss conducted by atomic power Stationss produce radioactive waste. Nuclear-fuel reprocessing workss in northern Europe are the biggest beginnings of semisynthetic atomic waste in the environing ocean. Radioactive hints from these workss have been found as far off as Greenland. Mining and refinement of U and Th are besides causes of marine atomic waste. Waste is besides produced in the atomic fuel rhythm which is used in many industrial, medical and scientific procedures. Eutrophication is when the environment becomes enriched with foods. This can be a job in marine home grounds such as lakes as it can do algal blooms. Fertilizers are frequently used in agriculture, sometimes these fertilizers run-off into nearby H2O doing an addition in alimentary degrees. This causes phytoplankton to turn and reproduce more quickly, ensuing in algal blooms. This bloom of algae disrupts normal ecosystem operation and causes many jobs. The algae may utilize up all the O in the H2O, go forthing none for other marine life. This consequences in the decease of many aquatic beings such as fish, which need the O in the H2O to populate. The bloom of algae may besides barricade sunshine from photosynthetic Marine workss under the H2O surface. Some algae even produce toxins that are harmful to higher signifiers of life. This can do jobs along the nutrient concatenation and impact any animate being that feeds on them.AAA CLASSIFYING WATER POLLUTIONAAA A A The major beginnings of H2O pollution can be classified as municipal, industrial, and agricultural.A Municipal H2O pollution consists of waste H2O from places and commercial establishments.A For many old ages, the chief end of handling municipal effluent was merely to cut down its content of suspended solids, oxygen-demanding stuffs, dissolved inorganic compounds, and harmful bacteria.A In recent old ages, nevertheless, more emphasis has been placed on bettering agencies of disposal of the solid residues from the municipal intervention processes.A The basic methods of handling municipal effluent autumn into three phases: primary intervention, including grit remotion, showing, grinding, and deposit ; secondary intervention, which entails oxidization of dissolved organic affair by agencies of utilizing biologically active sludge, which is so filtered off ; and third intervention, in which advanced biological methods of N remotion and chemical and physical methods such as farinaceous filtration and activated C soaking up are employed.A The handling and disposal of solid residues can history for 25 to 50 per centum of the capital and operational costs of a intervention plant.A The features of industrial waste Waterss can differ well both within and among industries.A The impact of industrial discharges depends non merely on their corporate features, such as biochemical O demand and the sum of suspended solids, but besides on their content of specific inorganic and organic substances. Three options are available in commanding industrial wastewater.A Control can take topographic point at the point of coevals in the works ; effluent can be pretreated for discharge to municipal intervention beginnings ; or effluent can be treated wholly at the works and either reused or discharged straight into having Waterss. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.umich.edu/ % 7Egs265/society/image90K.JPGWastewater Treatment Natural sewerage includes waste from sinks, lavatories, and industrial procedures. Treatment of the sewerage is required before it can be safely buried, used, or released back into local H2O systems. In a intervention works, the waste is passed through a series of screens, Chamberss, and chemical procedures to cut down its majority and toxicity. The three general stages of intervention are primary, secondary, and third. During primary intervention, a big per centum of the suspended solids and inorganic stuff is removed from the sewerage. The focal point of secondary intervention is cut downing organic stuff by speed uping natural biological procedures. Third intervention is necessary when the H2O will be reused ; 99 per centum of solids are removed and assorted chemical procedures are used to guarantee the H2O is as free from dross as possible.AAAA Agriculture, including commercial farm animal and domestic fowl agriculture, is the beginning of many organic and inorganic pollutants in surface Waterss and groundwater.A These contaminations include both deposit from eroding cropland and compounds of P and N that partially originate in animate being wastes and commercial fertilizers.A Animal wastes are high in O demanding stuff, N and P, and they frequently harbor infective organisms.A Wastes from commercial feeders are contained and disposed of on land ; their chief menace to natural Waterss, hence, is from overflow and leaching.A Control may affect settling basins for liquids, limited biological intervention in aerophilic or anaerobiotic lagunas, and a assortment of other methods.AALand WATERAA A A A Ninety-five per centum of all fresh H2O on Earth is ground water.A Ground H2O is found in natural stone formations.A These formations, called aquifers, are a critical natural resource with many uses.A Nationally, 53 % of the population relies on land H2O as a beginning of imbibing water.A In rural countries this figure is even higher.A Eighty one per centum of community H2O is dependent on land water.A Although the 1992 Section 305 ( B ) State Water Quality Reports indicate that, overall, the Nationis land H2O quality is good to excellent, many local countries have experienced important land H2O taint. Some illustrations are leaking belowground storage armored combat vehicles and municipal landfills.AA

The Effectiveness of Franklin Roosevelt

The Effectiveness of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal Hannah Mickelson United States History Hour 4 After suffering three long years of economic hardships, Franklin Roosevelt was elected president which gave the nation hope of overcoming the awful years of the Great Depression. The New Deal was Roosevelt’s response to the depression and became effective as soon as he was elected into office. The New Deal was intended to bring relief, reform, and recovery to the country.Although the New Deal did not end the Great Depression, Roosevelt had great success in reaching his goals of providing relief and reform to the nation, but was unsuccessful in providing recovery for the struggling Americans. Franklin Roosevelt created many different laws and agencies to reach his goals of relief, reform, and recovery. Roosevelt created the Social Security Act. The Social Security Act provided modest pensions, unemployment insurance, and financial assistance to handicapped, elderly, and depen dent children.It was a system that provided for the welfare of individuals in the new industrial act. The National Recovery Administration as meant to encourage cooperation between businesses, government, and labor to achieve economic progress. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration was an effort to support farmers back into success. Relief was one of the 3 R’s that was a success during Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal. The different laws and agencies Roosevelt developed were all to help the people out of the depression, but on the way he came up with different ways for the citizens to feel relief.The Civilian Consercation Corps and the Works Progress Administration were made to design new work programs for people and kept people from starving. It also helped citizens restore their self-respect that they had lost during the hard years of the Great Depression. These agencies provided needed labor for public projects. For women, the depression made their position in the economy worse. More than 20% of women were unemployed, but if the women that did work had their wages lowered a significant amount.If women were raising children, often the oldest male child would have to go out and find work to provide for the household. In the sense of reform, Roosevelt was successful by including Negroes in the government for the first time ever. The New Deal greatly changed the government. Before the Great Depression the government was mostly laissez faire and allowed businesses to act however they pleased. By the end of the New Deal, the government had a much bigger role in regulation businesses and affecting the lives of citizens.Many citizens felt like the new agencies that were created would help greatly in the role of the government as â€Å"an instrument of democratic action. † Many also disagreed and though it was leading the country towards socialism and communism. The New Deal changed the government into a much larger, more individual government . Although World War II was the reason the Great Depression ended, Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal greatly reduced the worst effects of the depression.After the New Deal ended, Roosevelt was still extremely popular and had revived American optimism. When the New Deal ended, the unemployment rate had dropped significantly from 12,830,000 to 7,700,000. There were many things Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal did to lighten the impact of the Great Depression although it did not end it itself. It changed the way the government functioned and the optimism in Americans. It gave citizens hope in overcoming hardships. Roosevelt built a dominant new political coalition, creating a democratic majority.Bibliography McElvaine, Robert. The Great Depression. New York: Times Books, 1947. Print. Ross, Stewart. Causes and Consequences of the Great Depression. Texas: Steck-Vaughn Company, 1998. Print. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal. 1995-2010 http://wps. ablongman. com/long_divine_app ap_7/23/5931/1518562. cw/index. html FDR’s New Deal Summary & Analysis. http://www. shmoop. com/fdr-new-deal/summary. html The Effectiveness of Roosevelt’s New Deal. July 29, 2010. http://voices. yahoo. com/the-effectiveness-roosevelts-6418844. html

Vietnam Market Competitive Pricing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Vietnam Market Competitive Pricing - Assignment Example The chief executive officer represents the company in making deals with other companies. The chief operating officer is directly below the CEO. Under him, there are production and business managers who oversee the production and business wings. The division operates autonomously. Several departments branch from the production wing such as procurement and production department. The business wing has finance, quality assessment, manufacturing, and sales department. The supply chain management in the company focuses on the need to interact with customers so as to identify the gaps in the market and take the appropriate action. Its marketing strategies recognize the need for SWOT analysis and trade marketing. The company conducts promotions where it gives 10% discounts to wholesalers and also offers a promotion on special days. To keep aloof from the market trends, the company holds at least one fashion fair. Through its process, AK Underwear undergoes several challenges. The main one is lack of enough capital to conduct adequate product development. This affects the success of some products which in turn affects its revenues negatively. There are also failures in products as a result of inadequate market research. The company is not fully established in Europe and the U.S therefore unable to tap into those potential markets. In recent times, there has been a low amount of high-quality raw materials which affects the implantation of the goal to produce high-quality products. At times the raw materials are highly priced due to economic factors such as inflation. There are several recommendations that the company can consider. First, it should prioritize conducting adequate market research so as to guide its production and sales activities. It can interact with the customers to identify their preferences. It should consider raising capital through public offering its shares, approach lenders through a well-drafted business plan, or contact the government for financial help as it is already a reputable business in Vietnam.

Germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 14

Germany - Essay Example r cause was that the French emperor Napoleon III wanted to regain French influence and prestige both France and internationally that has been lost during various diplomatic issues especially those experienced in the hands of Prussia during the Austro-Prussian war of 1866. Prussia had strong military as seen in the war with Austria, which constituted a big threat to French influence and dominance in Europe. The initiating event that led to the war was the candidacy of Leopold who came from Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, to rule Spain after the Spanish revolution of 1868. Bismarck had persuaded Leopold to accept the candidacy. The French government was frightened and threatened by possible alliance between Prussia and Spain. In addition, the French government threatened Prussia with war if Leopold did not withdraw his candidacy. The French ambassador in Prussia was sent to inform that the Prussian government had ordered Leopold to withdraw his candidacy but unfortunately Leopold could not be reached (Howard 49). The French government was not satisfied with Prussian reaction and threatened to humiliate them even if it meant using war. The French government demanded apology from Prussia and that wanted it to consent that Hohenzollern candidacy would not be renewed. However, the King of Prussia did not accept the demand. Bismarck wrote and published a document in a way calculated to anger and aggravate the resentment of the Germans and French. Bismarck knew that this move would lead to war since he was aware that Prussia was well prepared for war. In addition, he relied on psychological result of French declaration of war to organize South German states to Prussia’s grounds, therefore attaining his final stage of unifying Germany. The French declared war on Prussia in July 1870 and that the south German states in compliance and fulfillment of treaties with Prussia, joined Prussia to fight against France. During the war, the Germans mobilized more troops than the French

Business Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Business Law - Research Paper Example For any business or corporation to expand, agents are required in dealing with the third party on behalf of the employer (Jennings, 2012). Thus an agent is accorded authority to represent the principal when dealing with a third party. An agent may act implicitly or apparently, and thus the principal is bound to be liable to the agent’s actions and conducts when acted within the authorities accorded to him. The principal may also incur liability when the agent intentionally harms a third party (Jennings, 2012). The principal and the agent are liable for any loss or damages caused to the third party if the agent and principal’s identity are partially or fully undisclosed when dealing with the third party. A principal must indemnify the agent for any damages caused to third party if the agent acted within the actual authorities confided to him. The agent though, must indemnify the principal of any payments for any authorities exercised outside the stipulated actual or apparent authorities allowed. Fraud, extortion and other ills though may befall the third party when an agent assumes inherent powers by virtue of agent – third party relations. A popular and good example of this kind of scenario i s the Colorado Supreme Court case of Grease Monkey vs. Montoya (Jennings, 2012). Grease Monkey Holding Corporation is a Utah based corporation and Grease Monkey International Company is a fully owned subsidiary of Grease Monkey Holding Company. Arthur Sensenig was the President, Chief Operations Officer (COO) and Chairman of the Boards of Grease Monkey International, Inc. on a period between 1983 through 1991. He had broad authorities and acted as agent and chief officer of Grease Monkey. Sensenig was mandated with raising capital from banks and other lenders, up to $500,000 without the Boards approval (Davant, 2002). Between 1983 through 1991 Sensenig was able to extort money from Nick and Aver Montoya under the guise that it was an investment to Grease Monkey.

With reference to the Arab Spring, assess the utility of the Essay

With reference to the Arab Spring, assess the utility of the Foucauldian notion of resistance, as opposed to the Critical Theory concept of emancipation - Essay Example ies which were affected, the protestors used common ways of civil resistance such as demonstrations, strikes, peaceful rallies and marches as well as the use of social media platforms to mobilize, raise awareness, organize and enhance coordination between the protestors. Most of the demonstrations were often met with violent repression from the regimes which they sought to challenge. For example in places like Libya, the Gaddafi regime used counter demonstration attacks in its attempt to crush the popular revolt. In an attempt to understand the causes of the recent Arab spring across most Middle Eastern countries, many researchers have increasingly adopted both the use of the concept of emancipation as well as the Foucauldian notion of resistance. According to Leonard (1990, p. 126), critical theory is defined as a critique to the social injustices which result from capitalism, misappropriation of public resources and the commoditification of our contemporary society. Critical theories attempt to explain the present social conditions, how such conditions have transformed as well as how they maintain their validity in the changing society. On the other hand, Foucauldian notion of resistance suggests that resistance such as the events witnessed during the Arab spring are largely a reaction to the domination and pervasive power. According to Foucault, there can be no power without resistance. This paper critically analyzes the critical theories with particular focus on the use of Foucauldian notion of resistance as opposed to the concept of emancipation in the critical theory. The two concepts of resistance and emancipation are closely related in that they both attempt to explain the attempts by individuals and societies to minimize domination, achieve equality as well as the efforts to achieve more political and social rights. There are however a number of differences between Foucauldian notion of resistance and the concept of emancipation. As opposed to

Exercise for Alzheimers Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Exercise for Alzheimers Paper - Assignment Example Early diagnosis also allows for treatments that slow its progression. (Dwyer) Since there is no cure an early diagnosis can help alleviate at least some of the symptoms. Before I began my research on Alzheimer’s disease I believed that it was primarily caused by a family history of the condition as well as age. Age is a primary risk factor, However there is evidence only about 10% of cases result from gene mutations. (Insel & Roth) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"family history may be consistent with autosomal dominant, familial, or sporadic AD.† (Goldman et. al) This uncertainty about what exactly causes Alzheimer’s disease, as well as the fact that an increasing number of people have the disease due to the aging baby boom population are two reasons why it is important to recognize symptoms earlier and get tested for it. Alzheimer’s disease is a very complex condition that correlates with other conditions. For example there is evidence that indicates that a decreased ability of walking correlates with cognitive impairment. (Belluck) Some symptoms of AD are similar to symptoms of other diseases. For example the symptoms of depressio n are seen in Alzheimer’s disease and other conditions such as Crohn’s Disease, Hypoglycemia, Multiple Sclerosis and Seizure Disorders. Another example would be the symptom of hallucinations, which are also seen in alcoholism, brain cancer and hypothermia. (Conditions with Similar Symptoms as: Alzheimers Disease)Because of the similarities of symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease with other conditions more people need to be aware of the importance of early detection. Research needs to be done on new procedures to simplify the process. This should include greater awareness of the importance of genetic testing for the condition. Recent research has indicated that most people would prefer to have advanced

American Government and Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

American Government and Politics - Essay Example These commissions were responsible for weighing and assessing the policies formed by politicians before proposing or opposing them based on the existing human rights. They used a laid procedure for accountability to promote reconciliation between different parties, opinions present with the country. Politicians during reconstruction, ensured that the policies they formulated were in accordance and protected the various rights of individuals regardless of the race, gender of class of the citizens living within the country. The implications of the control over the criminal rights within a democracy was that it raised hopes of citizens, since as they existed to protect the citizens against such things like poverished political possibilities that had occurred before the process of reconstruction (Foner, 2009). In addition, it brought to an end the impoverished political possibilities that had been witnessed by citizens at an earlier date before reconstruction. An example is that citizens were at the mercy of impoverished political possibilities during the cold war and this made them to pass through unknown misery and sufferings. Question 2 As the Commander of the Continental Army, George Washington was a classic example of a bureaucratic actor. Â  Like many members of the bureaucracy, Washington had to balance the requirements of his job with the political concerns of his bosses in Congress. Â  Discuss how Washington was able to successfully manage these competing concerns, while maintaining both the support of his men as well as the support of Congress. Â  What does his experience suggest about the relationship between politics and the functioning of the bureaucracy more generally? 250 words It was not easy for George Washington to accept the appointment being that he just came from managing his family plantation and serving in the Virginia house of bourgeoisies when he was voted by the second continental congress. With the offer of the role of commander in chi ef of the continental army and having accepted, it was difficult to accept and had to write to his wife to tell the story. He managed to succeed in satisfying both interests because they had faith in him as a friend in the bureaucratic bourgeoisies and as a member of the congress. Similarly, the successful battles he had for the American under his command gave him respect from the members of congress hence did not get much pressure from them. Because of this, he maintained his interest with them leading to his successful resignation. Through his relationship with both bureaucratic and the congress, he was able to balance the competing concerns as he knew of how to go about them in every aspect as they arose (Ward 100). His experiences have a lot of suggestion as politics in related to bureaucracy. They both related because in each of them comes with influence. Bureaucrats and politicians looks for certain aspects in which they can use towards influencing the mass to give them suppor t. This may imply that even if one goes wrong in the political or bureaucratic arena, one will still get support. As a result, Washington was able to serve both interests in order to remain relevant to the people he worked with. Question 3 The issues surrounding the relationship between congressional representatives and their constituents are overspending. Majority of the representatives were using public constituency finances to make themselves rich

A ghost story Essay Example for Free

A ghost story Essay The Turn of the Screw is a story written in 1898 and from a governess point of view. In the main story the governess thinks the two children she is caring for are under the evil influence of two ghosts, Miss Jessel and Peter Quint. What we would expect from an opening to a ghost story written in 1898 is to be launched straight into the plot. We would expect this because this grips the readers attention and makes you want to read on. We would also expect the setting to be introduced because this makes you become involved in the story. We would expect the language to be complex because this is the style that was used in the eighteen hundreds. We would expect the characters to be introduced and to become real to the reader. We would expect this because the reader will not believe in the characters if they do not seem realistic. We would also expect atmosphere to be created because this prepares the reader for a ghost story and makes the reader feel part of the story. We would also expect tension to be created because this makes us want to read on. The Turn of the Screw is in some ways typical of an opening to a ghost story written in the eighteen hundreds because the style is complex: for the first sentence, which is long, dense and contains four conjunctions. This however suits the Turn of the Screw because it mirrors the complexity of the story. Similarly the Turn of the Screw is typical of an opening to a ghost story because atmosphere is created. There is a sinister feel created; this is because it is set on Christmas Eve in an old house. This prepares us for a ghost story that is about to be told. The group of strangers is sat round the fire in an old fashioned house. This gives the impression of a traditional setting for telling ghost stories. The fact that it is a group of strangers also makes it seem spookier. The atmosphere is emphasised when the members of the group pick up their candlesticks before they go to bed. This adds to the feeling that everything is very old fashioned and spooky. This is in keeping with ghost stories as they are usually set in old fashioned and have spooky atmosphere to them especially the setting. It also lets you imagine the scene of flickering candles in an old fashioned house. When Douglas goes up to bed the rest of the group heard his step on the stair. This gives the reader the impression that Douglas footsteps are echoing through the great brown hall. This adds to the atmosphere because the footsteps are echoing and spooky. The great brown hall also adds to the idea of the old fashioned house.

Why people do not adhere to medical advice

Why people do not adhere to medical advice

Fate, Destiny and Free Will in Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken Essay

The Road Not Taken:   The Paradox of Free Will Robert Frost's poem, "The Road Not Taken", is a profound philosophical approach illustrating the paradox of free will.   In the first line, Frost uses the metaphor "Two roads diverged" (1), to establish not only the dilemma of the traveler in the poem, but life itself.   The decisions we make in life, like the traveler in "The Road Not Taken", are not to be taken lightly.   There is a desire to be adventurous, yet we fear possible regret for 'what might have been'.   Either way, we must live with the choices we make.   "The Road Not Taken" is an ambiguous poem epitomizing the complex nature of individuality. The literal situation of "The Road Not Taken" concerns a traveler who is faced with   a very simple decision.   The traveler comes to a crossroads in "a yellow wood" (1). Two paths lay ahead of him, both "just as fair" (6).   The traveler desires to take both roads, but knows that he "could not take both" (2), and is disturbed by that realization.   He regrets being able experience both paths.   The traveler takes his time contemplating over which direction to pursue.   As he looks for sign to guide him, he notices an undergrowth hiding a bend in one of the paths.   This distraction in his line of vision was one of two differences in the roads that lied ahead.   The second difference is that the other road "wanted wear" (8).   Although the paths otherwise seem very similar, the adventurous traveler proceeds down "the one less traveled" (19). The traveler makes his decision, but is reluctant.   Instead of saying, 'it has the better claim', he says "having perhaps the better claim" (7).   The indecisiveness of the traveler is seen once again... ...cond practical literary device Frost uses is tone.   Tone reflects the writers attitude toward the subject being addressed. The obvious tone of the traveler is contemplation and hesitance. Frost is successful in using tone to communicate the mood not only of the traveler but that of the shaky situation:" I doubted that I should ever come back" (15). In conclusion, "The Road Not Taken" by Robert Frost, could not have developed the concept of individuality and choice any clearer. Frost is a great poet who has an uncanny ability to confound nature and life. "The Road Not Taken" has led me to consider more carefully the decisions I make.   The benefit of free will is the freedom to choose.   The misfortune of choice is the contemplation of regret.   Frost addresses this paradox in order to convey the complex nature of individuality and life itself.

Eveline :: essays papers

Eveline In the short story â€Å"Eveline,† James Joyce gives Eveline an exciting chance to leave her old life and begin a new one. But she rejects this offer by choosing between Frank and Fate, she preferred instead to settle back into the lousy life she had known all her life. Why doesn’t she leave with Frank when she had great opportunity by forgetting the horror that she went through? Eveline had been raised as a Catholic, and it was very difficult for her not to keep a promise of her dead mother. It wasn’t right of her mother to ask her daughter to sacrifice herself. We know that Eveline will always be haunted by that promise, but we didn’t expect her to give up her life for this. We certainly know that Eveline wanted to leave her abusive, bad-tempered, heavy drunken father. Her father was taken advantage of his daughter’s promise, and that promise forcing her to keep the house for her father. He had so frightened her with threats of beating her. Eveline realized that with her brothers gone, there is no one who can protect her from her father. To leave her father would be a great idea for her, but that promise killing her. Eveline’s home life was so unhealthy, despite all the chores she performed in her house; she still didn’t feel comfortable there. The dustiness of the house, which Joyce always reminds us in the story, told us that the dust made her sufficed all the time and made her sick and tire of this town and her life. Eventhough she had many reasons to leave her town, she still preferred to stay with her lousy father. The main reason why Eveline didn’t leave Ireland, because she was afraid of unknown and taking risks which she wasn’t prepared to deal with that in her future. She chose to leave her wonderful man Frank who can give everything she desires. But instead she chose to stay in this horrible town with her father and with her promise, which she made to her mother. By staying in this town it will always remind her of what kind of mistake she made by not choosing to leave with Frank. Eveline was afraid of failing on her own. She was scared that she might explore another life with a great person like frank who was willing to give her his life.

Public Outcry and Acceptance to Darwins theory of Evolution Essay

On Thursday 24 November 1859, Charles Darwin published and made available to the western world his magnum opus, On the Origin of Species, a compilation of some twenty plus years of research regarding the human biology and its advancement. Darwin proposed in Origins that all life slowly evolved, biologically mutated over a period of time, to its present day form. Expanding on prior research in the field of genetics, Darwin theorized a "survival of the fittest" complex which forced basic animals to evolve new advanced traits to survive in their respective environments, in the process theorizing that humans also evolved from lesser creatures. Darwin's theory of evolution was meet with critical response, mainly negative, at the time of its inception, but slowly gained support in the years following. In particular at the time of Origins publishing, the western world was undergoing a religious revival of sorts thanks to the rise of Evangelicalism. Due to conflicts of interest between Darw in's proposed theory of evolution directly contradicting the biblical theory of creationism, much controversy was generated by the publication of Origins. Creationism which stressed the belief of one omnipotent God creating the world and all its inhabitants was the most widely spread belief during this time period. Across the western world different assortments of clergymen attacked, or surprisingly stood in solidarity with the theory of evolution. This brings into question, why were the responses to evolution so disparaging? This can be explained that due to prior established beliefs and knowledge of respective individuals, the reaction to the theory of evolution was at first quite negative, but overtime became more and more accepting as people grew t... ...tarted rationalizing their emotions, the clarity of evolution dawned upon their eyes, and of acceptance of new foreign ideas. Here was a thing that not only could explain the mysteries of life, but also serve as testimonial to the foolishness of pride. Evolution was a hallmark in the relations between science and religion, as the two sides realized neither was trying to undermine the other, and even in some cases joined in union to promote humanities advancement. The story of evolution is significant to history not only because of its scientific achievements, but also the gap it bridged between the scientific and religious community, and the lesson it taught that acceptance of new ideas does not have to mean the end of prior beliefs altogether. No other scientific revolution has generated as much human controversy and unity as Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.

Stakeholder Analysis on Bp

Assignment # 1 Stakeholder analysis on the British Petroleum oil spill disaster Stakeholder: UK and USA Government The British Petroleum (BP) oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico flowed unabated for three months in 2010. It is the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry. This event affected individuals and groups, know as stakeholders, in different ways according to the impact that the catastrophe meant to their situation.The stakeholders treated in this case are the U. S. and UK government, which first we would like to define their position on the disaster then to find the links with ethical traditions and finally to mention the positive aspects and limits of these two with three theoretical propositions (Stakeholder Theory, CSR & Ethics of discussion). The positions of the governments were on their own particular way to deal and manage the situation of the BP oil spill. The U. S. overnment took an offensive position against BP and made it responsible of the incurred damages as a result of the oil spill, likewise, indirectly blamed the UK government as the main regulator of the companies from their country. In response, the UK government took a defensive position about the responsibility of the damages and for the hostile side that U. S. took against. However UK government wanted to manage the situation by the side of the cocerns of their people interesr and BP involment to develop the best and fastest solution for the situation.The reason why the U. S. government took an aggressive position came from its role as representative of a nation that should give solutions to the problems and complaints of the individuals and groups (business, organizations, etc) concern of US nation. But seeing it on the other side, the same particular reason came with the UK government. Now, the question relies on: why they went on different sides? or more precisely, what made them to take a position different from each other? if their objectives wer e basically the same.The interest of both governments were mostly on the same page, but there were some differences. The U. S. government seek to be the victim of the incident with the reason of solidarity with those affected but also be the one to go forward in search of a solution and satisfaction of all involved as it? s leader role. As well, the U. S. government was responsible for establish appropriate regulations to prevent such damage. This put it on the exterior â€Å"inocent† role but indirect accomplice for the mistake done.Furthermore, the UK government seek not be involved in the incident, likewise even pretended to find a speedy solution to be the lowest impact to its stakeholders and its oil industry that implies BP mainly in the economial and relationships between nations. Its role was primarily mediator in the dispute of the guilt of the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico with the intention of the most healthy solution of all. References: Urbina, I. (2010, May 24 ). Inspector general’s inquiry faults regulators.The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2010/05/25/us/25mms. html? pagewanted=all&_r=0 Thompson, P. (2010, June 7). Stop blaming uk for bp oil spill disaster: Cable hits out at america read more. Mail online. Retrieved from http://www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-1284125/Stop-blaming-UK-BP-oil-spill-disaster-Cable-hits-America. html White House. (2010, August 14). Deepwater bp oil spill. Retrieved from http://www. whitehouse. gov/deepwater-bp-oil-spill Alfano, S. (2010, June 5).Bp oil spill not our fault, british government official says, calls criticism extreme and unhelpful'. Daily News. Retrieved from http://articles. nydailynews. com/2010-06-05/news/27066339_1_oil-spill-bp-rig Wray, R. (2010, July 27). Bp oil spill: Uk taxpayers face gulf clean-up loss. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www. guardian. co. uk/business/2010/jul/27/bp-oil-spill-taxpayers-clean-up-costs Plante, B. (2010, May 23). Oil sp ill sparks call for aggressive gov't role. CBS News. Retrieved from http://www. cbsnews. com/8301-18563_162-6510144. html

Culinary Cookware Essay

Sales Promotion is a key ingredient in marketing campaigns which consists of a collection of incentive tools, mostly short term that are designed to stimulate quicker or greater purchase of particular products or services by consumers or the trade. Sales contests/incentives: Aims at including the sales force or dealers to increase their sales results over a stated period, with prizes (money, trips, gifts or points) going to those who succeed Appropriateness: From the findings of the 2003 survey, 50% would buy new cookware even without price discount or a free gift => retailers who are already carrying all the four lines owing to its greater GM compared to competitors, would be induced to promote the brand by featuring, displays, etc. This stimulates sales clerks to push the products further more improving the brand awareness (15% for under $75000 and 25% for above $75000 – much lower than close competitors) as only 15% would consider upgrading to higher end products and improves off-season sales which were very low. Promotion allowances: volume rebate/ quantity discount Appropriateness: There is a possibility of forward buying problem, wherein retailers buy a greater quantity during the deal period and the manufacturer will have to bear costs of extra work shifts. Since the manufacturer is giving a 4% points additional benefit on GM to retailers over the competitors, giving a promotion allowance might not yield as many benefits as anticipated. However, an equal amount could be spent on advertising/display allowances as the channels chosen are upscale kitchen specialty chains, department stores and local specialty stores. Sweepstakes: Sweepstakes involve marketing promotions targeted toward generating enthusiasm to purchase among customers by enticing consumers to submit free entries into chance draws that are tied to product or service awareness wherein the featured prizes are given away by sponsoring companies. As there is no assurance of benefit in this case, the scheme may not be very attractive to entice first-time customers. Also the lottery system promotion may not reflect highly on the ‘Premium’ brand image of Culinarian Cookware. Thus sweepstakes are not a good promotion strategy for Culinarian Cookware Premiums: Premiums are promotional items that can be acquired through proof of purchase. Exhibit 3 states that 20 % of the people would be motivated to buy cookware because of a free gift. Also a free gift does not damage the premium image of the cookware brand and is widely used by other players in this segment. Since the premium can be shipped after receiving proof of purchase, it reduces opposition from trade channels who would not have to block shelf space for the premiums unlike in the case of free gifts Rebates: Rebate is an amount returned on what already has been paid. Rebates may require paperwork submission and this can put off customers. Culinarian cookware distributes through high-end retail channels and invests in well-trained staff to give the best experience to the customers. However, the rebate mechanism requires effort on the part of the customers and can affect the Culinarian premium brand image. Cooperative advertising allowance: Culinarian cookware can give some allowances to retailers who prominently display its products or give it the desire shelf space. Also it can be used to encourage retailers to push Culinarian products to the customers who are unsure about the brand. The lure of getting reimbursement and additional money for doing advertisement for culinarian products on the company’s behalf will motivate Slotting Allowance: In slotting allowance a fee charged to produce companies or manufacturers by supermarket distributors or retailers in order to have their product placed on their shelves. Most of the products sold by Culinarian Cookware is through retail outlets. Also most of the products are in the premium end. So Culinarian Cookware can go for slotting allowance. However it should negotiate with retailers to reduce the margin to industry standard of 48% as against 52% now. Trade shows: Generally in trade shows people look for discounted products. It would not be good for culinarian cookware to sell the products at a discounted rate in trade shows. Howvere it can take part in trade shows to increase awareness especially of its CX1 brand. Point of purchase displays (functional discounts) Culinarian Cookware should not go for functional discounts because they already give retailers higher profit margins of 52% as compared to 48% by its competitors. This is a big enough incentive for the retailers to encourage customers to buy Culinarian Cookware products. Thus, no extra functional discounts are required. Seasonal discount The buying pattern given in Exhibit 2 suggests that there are two peak seasons for the sale of cookware, one during the May- June months and the other during the months of November- December. Thus, seasonal discounts will be very effective in capturing the customers and increase sales because of this buying pattern If we study Exhibit 4, we can observe that the sale of product lines PROX1 and SX1 is higher in the spring season while that of DX1 is higher in the fall season. This cyclical buying pattern tells us that Culinarian Cookware can go for sales promotion twice in a year wherein it can give sales promotion for different product lines in different seasons of the year.

Infanticide and Mother- Daughter Relationship in Toni Morison’s Beloved

Infanticide and Mother- Daughter Relationship in Toni Morison’s Beloved * Dr. (Mrs) Monika Gupta Reader, Dept. of English H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal) Uttarakhand, 246174-India e-mail- [email  protected] com Beloved (1987) is Morrison’s most sensitive novel till date. It deals with the forgotten era of slavery and the pathos of black slaves. The most striking element is the heart wrenching story of a black female slave, Sethe, who kills her own daughter to protect her from the horror of slavery.Morrison has always excelled in creating her female characters. Her novels show a deep sense of bonding between the female characters. In Beloved, the female bonding and the multiple layer of meaning in their relationship makes the story emotionally appealing and it is the story that, â€Å"†¦penetrates perhaps more deeply than any historical or psychological study could, the unconscious emotional and psychic consequences of slavery† (Schapiro 194 ). The story touches the social, psychological, philosophical and supernatural element of human life. Sethe is the heroine of the story.She is a black slave who lost her mother at a very early age. She was brought to the Sweet Home Plantation as a slave where she marries Halle Suggs and bears four children from him. She suffers the most inhumane treatment at the plantation by the white masters. She is whipped mercilessly and milked like a cow. The whites, â€Å"†¦sucked her lactating breasts† (Peach 109). This incident traumatizes Sethe to an extent that she decides to run away from the plantation. She gathers all her courage and escapes to take refuge in the house of her mother-in-law at 124 Bluestone Road.She is soon traced and finding no hopes for freedom takes the most horrific step of killing her own daughter to show resistance towards slavery. She is imprisoned for seven years for her crime and later secluded by the community and declared an outcast. Her own family deserts her. Her two sons escape the situation, Baby Suggs eventually dies and her daughter Denver withdraws herself from her mother. 2 The story of Sethe is a true story of Margaret Garner, a slave who in January 1856 escaped from her owner of Kentucky, crossed the Ohio River and attempted to find refuge in Cincinnati.But when caught by the owners she looses all hopes of freedom, and kills one of her daughters with the butcher’s knife. But Morrison has beautifully developed this true story with the background of slavery. The slave women have always suffered a lot at the hand of both black and white men. They were robbed of every possession – even their motherhood. Mothering and motherhood were denied, as black women were regarded as breeding stock only. Since the rights offered to the black women were negligible therefore she did not stand at the position of a decision maker.Sethe was not supposed to love her children. That is why Sethe’s act of destroying her own creation becomes the subject of controversies. Whether a mother has a right to stop the heartbeats of her child or is it a crime to put an innocent life to end? Such questions resonate in the entire story. American public considered Margaret Garner and other slave mothers who killed their children, criminal. There have been numerous examples in the American history where mothers have killed their infants to remove the extra burden on them.For instance, Mary Montgomery escaped the plantation with her child but when she found it difficult to escape with a baby in tow, she left, â€Å"her sucking infant behind to die† (Drew 49). Infanticide was a punishable offence and Sethe and her real life counterpart had to face harsh consequences of the crime. Economic reasons more than any others had led to the killing of infants in the slavery era and have continued to exert an unfortunate influence even down to our own day. The African – American setup is the example where ec onomic factors led to the sorrowful phase of the Black community.Infanticide, shown in the novel is of many forms. It is not just a murder in literal sense but also murdering an infant mentally or psychologically by curbing the desires and rights. Beloved is a documentation of all such infanticides, the most pathetic, being the murder of Beloved by her mother by cutting her throat. Apart from these instances it is shown that Sethe’s mother also committed infanticide when she threw her children at birth, â€Å"without names† (Morrison 78). Another instance of infanticide is when Ella, another black slave admits that she too killed the children born from her white masters.The author has given different views on infanticide 3 through the mouth of the characters. Sethe asserts that she, â€Å"†¦ couldn’t let all that go back to where it was, and I couldn’t let her nor any of ‘em live under schoolteacher. That was out† (200). Baby Suggs could not frame any judgment and silenced her views to such an extent that it eventually led to her death. Paul D initially accuses Sethe for her rough choice but later accepts the situation considering her circumstances. Infanticide has always been the background of the slave age. It sometimes showed resistance and sometimes mercy killing.But child abuse and especially girl child faced the most terrible consequences of slavery. In the words of Linda Brent, â€Å"Slavery is terrible for men, but it is far more terrible for women†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (405). Denver is also a victim of child abuse. The initial years of her childhood are spent in prison along with her mother. She is mocked by the society for the crime committed by her mother. Her mother never reveals her past to Denver which makes Denver loose faith on Sethe. The rest of her childhood is spent in fear of being killed by her mother. She is a psychologically scared child.Denver speaks for herself, â€Å"I spent all of my outside se lf loving Ma’am so she wouldn’t kill me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (255). She waited for a miracle to happen, so, she could be away from Sethe. Sethe is declared culprit by law and even by the society. But what compels her to take such cruel action is the fear of slavery and exploitation for her daughter. The owners of the Plantations, schoolteachers and his nephews violate her motherhood by stealing her milk from her bosom. All these incidents constitute Sethe’s past and they are reconstructed in the novel through the discourses of Sethe and Paul D, co-victim of slavery.Memory forms a most important part in Morrison’s novels. â€Å"For memory exists as a communal property of friends, of family, of a people† (Middleton 159). Though Paul D realizes Sethe’s pain as a mother he knows that she was â€Å"†¦not a normal woman† (50). Sethe’s story is debatable on two grounds. On one side it is the â€Å"maternal loss† (Matus 109) where the plight of the helpless mother under slavery is revealed. On the other hand it crosses the limits of maternal violence. Infanticide committed by Sethe is analyzed under these two terms. The narrative enacts a circling or repetition around the 4 traumatic events† (Matus 112). Infanticide in Beloved is analyzed with close reference to Sethe and her daughters as it is the most affected relationship. Slavery has done a psychological damage to a mother-child relationship. Morrison has shown many angles of mother-daughter relationship in the novel. The first relation is that of Sethe and Beloved. It is the most unique relationship. Here a mother is the killer of her own blood. Sethe had enough reasons to prove that her act was just not crime but a mercy killing.She was perplexed with the horrific side of slavery and could not bear her daughter in a similar condition as hers. Therefore, she decides to free her from the impious birth of being black. â€Å"I took and put my babies where they’d be safe† (201). Though the act of infanticide is the most monstrous act for a mother to even think of but Sethe was too reluctant to turn towards slavery again with her children. As a mother Sethe’s act can never be justified. She attempted the most unnatural thing. Killing was not the only alternative. She could have killed the slave owner, or even herself.The supernatural existence of Beloved proves that Sethe’s act was guilty of the murder and was to be condemned. Therefore, Sethe becomes the monstrous women in the novel with a streak of madness in her nature. Beloved, is the mirror which reveals the past of the character that comes in contact with her. She comes back to possess Sethe. She tells Denver about her plans that, â€Å"She is the one I need. You can go but she is the one I have to have† (93). This obsession for her mother makes Beloved’s identity mysterious. Her appearance and disappearance add an element of supern aturalism to the painful story of Sethe.She appears mysteriously from water. â€Å"She had new skin, lineless and smooth, including the knuckles of her hands† (63). The reappearance of Beloved from water is symbolic in the sense that it depicts the entire process of child birth. It is like emergence of new born baby from the fluid of the mother’s womb. Sethe takes Beloved as a living being and not as a ghost. It is Morrison who presents Beloved, â€Å"gothically monstrous† (Matus 119) so that Sethe feels calm after relieving herself from the burden of the past. Beloved is in true sense the ghost of past which is trying to find its place in the present.Just as her appearance was sudden, her 5 disappearance left a lot of unanswered questions. In the end she appears as a naked pregnant lady which according to the community ladies, exploded in air. Sethe shares a similar relation with her other daughter Denver. She is the eye witness of the bloodshed of her sister. She also drank her mother milk mixed with Beloved’s blood. She is the only permanent member of 124 Bluestone apart from Sethe. Both of them share an unspoken relationship. Denver blames her mother for killing her sister. She isolates herself from the community and from her mother.Her alienation leads to her attachment with Beloved when she takes her for her dead sister. Her act of drinking the milk of her mother mixed with the blood of Beloved symbolizes that Sethe and her family made the death of Beloved their life and her blood their nourishment. â€Å"Beloved is my sister. I swallowed her blood right along with my mother’s milk†(252). Beloved is determined to wage a war against her mother. Denver on the other hand keeps the grudges in her heart. But her love for her mother gradually grows when she sees her mother suffering under the tantrums of Beloved.Denver comes to rescue her mother. She is a link between Sethe and the community. Sethe understood Denverâ⠂¬â„¢s solitude but never disclosed the past to her. She only reveals the half truth. â€Å"As for Denver, the job Sethe had of keeping her from the past that was still waiting for her was all that mattered†(53). This silence in the mother – daughter relationship widened the gulf and made Denver â€Å"secretive†(121). She lived in the secret company of Beloved until she actually appeared in flesh. Beloved and Denver have an intensely possessive nature. Beloved makes Sethe her important part.She wants complete attention of Sethe. She fixes her eyes on Sethe. At this part of the novel Sethe and Beloved are viewed as one soul. A similar possession is seen in the nature of Denver but towards, â€Å"her ghost sibling† (Matus 118). The growing intimacy of Beloved and Sethe gives threat to the security of Denver and she feels â€Å"marginalized† ( Matus 118) in their company. In Beloved, both the daughters appear to be aggressive but the maternal violence of Sethe overshadows their aggression. In the end there is also a role reversal seen in the character of Denver. She hates her mother in the beginning.She seeks the company of Beloved and wants to protect her sister from her 6 mother. But later she becomes sympathetic towards Sethe and wishes to protect her from the ghost of Beloved. This is the growth in the character of Denver where she is able to frame her own opinions about life. Guilt is the most integral part of the healing process. It follows crime. Guilt may be internal or exposed but crime is always accompanied by the feeling of guilt. This guilt is what Beloved stands for as for as Sethe is concerned. Sethe’s rash act of killing her daughter gave a huge blow to the psychological state of Sethe.She never wanted to speak of her past but arrival of Paul D and then Beloved confirms her belief that Beloved was her own daughter whom she killed. This guilty self makes Sethe surrender fully to the demands of Beloved. She f eels intensely insecure in the presence of Beloved and offers her the best at the cost of her job, house and health. Sethe’s guilt, frames Beloved as the dead infant. She keeps on justifying the infanticide to Beloved. The ultimate note of Morrison seems that, â€Å"Guilt and the past must not be avoided. They must be taken up and possessed† (Carmean 91). The slave women were never designated for being mothers.They were considered only as the breeder. â€Å"Their infant children could be sold away from them like calves from cows† (Davis 7). Sethe’s mother-in-law does not even recall the faces of her eight children. Similarly, Sethe was never nursed by her mother. But Sethe’s attempt to be a good mother hinted at the dangerous consequences of mother love. Even Paul D recognizes that mother-love for a slave is too risky. To quote: â€Å"Risky, thought Paul D, very risky. For a used-to-be slave woman to love anything that much was dangerous, especial ly if it was her children. She had settled on to love (56).When Paul D accuses Sethe of having â€Å"thick love†(202) she replies that, â€Å"Love is or it ain’t. Thin love ain’t love at all†(202). This means that Sethe has a very desperate and obsessive kind of nature. It cannot be called the unselfish motherly instinct. Sethe’s relation with her daughter Beloved is selfish. She used Beloved as a scapegoat to show resistance to the institution of slavery. This fear of getting revealed haunts her psychologically. Beloved appears as a girl in flesh from the water to avenge her death, â€Å"Sethe was trying to make up for the handsaw; Beloved was making her pay for it† (308). Sethe and Beloved share an intense relationship which breaks the bond of time, space, culture, community etc. She believes that death is nothing but continuations of life in another form. Both share a common feeling of being haunted. Sethe commits an evil and Beloved beco mes evil. And their union creates the mystery that is most horrific in the story. Infanticide puts Sethe’s motherhood at stake but a closer evaluation of the real life situation of black slaves in general and females in particular, leave no other option other than death or suicide. Most of the females had this suicidal tendency to escape from brutality. Slaves were treated no better than animals.Morrison’s female characters have a shade of grey in their personality. For example Sethe’s attempt to kill makes her a merciless lady. Paul D remarks that, â€Å"†¦you got two feet, Sethe, not four† (202). Similarly the eccentric character of Beloved shows that she is the embodiment of evil. Beloved tries to seduce Paul D. She tries to strangle Sethe and makes Denver a mere puppet in her hand. Beloved is an extremist in the sense that on one hand she nearly chokes Sethe to death and at the very next moment she soothes Sethe’s bruised neck with her sof t fingers. Beloved’s highly dominating and demanding nature causes enough pain to Sethe.She gives up everything she had, to please Beloved so that her crime is forgiven. A similar wildness is also seen in the character of Denver. She blames her mother for the infanticide and mentally proves to be a torture to Sethe. Denver’s alienation from her family increases Sethe’s isolation and Denver plans this deliberately so that her mother realizes the pain of being killed. However, Denver proves to be a great help to Sethe in the end when she realizes that Beloved has totally possessed her mother. The psychic trauma of infantile abandonment is also seen in Sethe.Slavery broke the bonds of Sethe with her mother before she could even speak. This denial of parental claim exaggerates Sethe’s role as a mother and she consider her sole responsibility towards the well being of her child. Her act of infanticide also reveals her attempt to reconstruct her own past where her mother was hanged and she was left all by herself. She confesses, â€Å"My plan was to take us all to the other side where my own ma’am [Sethe’s mother] is,† (250). Sethe’s own experiences of life and the cultural preaching of the blacks made her believe that life as a female slave was worse that death. For the blacks, â€Å"death was anything but forgetfulness† (4). This hatred for the present birth and hope of a better life in the new birth makes Sethe confident on her decision of infanticide. Sethe’s crime, if considered morally, is highly condemnable. It is unapproved by any religion or community to commit infanticide. Even Sethe realizes this when the community rejects her. Baby Suggs, who is the moral preacher, could not react to the incident and succumbed to death. Sethe knew that she was to be blamed for the death of Baby Suggs.At the social level Sethe is declared an outcast who tries to be a rebel by breaking the set of norms o f the society. This develops a communication barrier between the community on one side and Sethe’s household on another. Denver is also the victim of the feeling of alienation. But Sethe needs the support of the community to overcome her guilt. â€Å"In Beloved life is hell, but togetherness, shared experiences and brotherly/ sisterly love helps the characters to survive, if not to forge better lives for themselves† (Mbalia 91). In the end of the story the entire community joins to drive Beloved away of the Bluestone Road.Morrison proposes solidarity as the only viable solution to the problems of the black community. Infanticide is also criticized politically when Sethe is sentenced to seven years imprisonment for the act. Supernaturalism is the prominent element of Beloved. The first line of the novel draws the attention towards the mysterious world. It says, â€Å"124 was spiteful. Full of baby’s venom† (3). Morrison’s prime concern is to develop the unique culture of Africa so that the ghost stories introduced appear real and alluring. The hostile environment of America and the white community adds to the haunted environment of the novel.The ghost tales are common to the blacks as death for them is no longer the issue of fear. Baby Suggs admits that her own dead children must be, â€Å"†¦worrying somebody’s house into evil† (6). Therefore the character of Beloved and even her presence as a ghost in Sethe’s house appears justified to the modern readers. â€Å"Morrison’s clan is a complex of values and mythologies† (Holloway 160). Morrison has also projected supernaturalism as the consequence of disturbed psychic state of a person. Frustration and suppression often leads to the formation of an imaginary world and imaginary characters. This is another angle of justifying the element of supernaturalism. Morrison connects the two worlds of living and dead through Sethe and Beloved. The bl ack community is also well equipped with the methods of separating the physical and the supernatural world. This is how the community is able to drive Beloved to her right place. Sethe seems to be out of focus. Without the guidance of a mother, she has missed out on the actual mother-daughter relationships. Circumstances of sexual exploitation seem to have marred her psychologically and the base animal like nature of a human being seems to have overtaken her personality.Sethe seems to be ridden with a problem of the mind. No mother however cruel can resort to killing her own child. Even if she feared that her daughter would be a future victim of abuse, she could have given her child away to someone she knew. Sethe stopped thinking beyond a point and terror and fear have made her act in such a manner. Though she feels she has done the right thing she is guilty of doing injustice by killing her child. Morrison does not aim at giving the judgment on the act of Sethe. It is left to the readers to analyses her decision.Infanticide was condemned by the society but Sethe is forgiven in the end by the same the society. Since solidarity is the proposed solution to the humiliations suffered by the blacks, therefore, the crime of Sethe cannot be viewed as an isolated decision. The community is also directly and indirectly involved in the execution of the infanticide. That is why the community also shares the burden of guilt along with Sethe. But it is not forgetting of the past that the author propagates it is actually living the past to overcome it.Works cited Brent, Linda. â€Å"Incidents in the life of a Slave Girl†. The Classic Slave Narratives. Henry Louis Gates. ed. New York: American Library, 1987. Carmean, Karen. Toni Morrison’s World of Fiction. New York: Whitestone Publishing Company,1993. 10 Davis, Angela. Women, Race and Class. New York: Random House, 1981. Drew, Benjamin. â€Å"The Refugee: A North-side View of Slavery†. Four Fugitive Sl ave Narrative. ( Reading MA : Addison Wesley, 1969). Holloway, Karla and Stephanie D. New Dimensions of Spirituality A Biracial and Bicultural Reading of the Novels of Toni Morrison. New York: Greenwood Press, 1987. Matus, Jill. Toni Morrison Contemporary World Writers. New York: Manchester University Press, 1998. Middleton, David. Toni Morrison’s Fiction: Contemporary Criticism. New York: Garland Publishing, 2000. Mabalia, Doreatha Drummond. Toni Morrison Developing Class Consciousness. : Selinsgrove: Susquehanna University Press, 1993. Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: Signet, 1987. (All the subsequent references are quoted in the parenthesis of the text) Peach, Linden. ed. Toni Morrison. Macmillan Press: London, 2000. Schapira, Barbara. â€Å"The Bonds of Love and the Boundaries of Self in Toni Morrison’s Beloved†. Contemporary Literature 32: 2, 1991.